Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), along with their collaborators in government, academia and industry, recently published a report on cyberattack techniques and methodologies aimed at AI systems.
Their work, titled Adversarial Machine Learning: A Taxonomy and Terminology of Attacks and Mitigations (NIST.AI.100-2), is intended to help AI users and developers familiarize themselves with the types of attacks they might expect, as well as with approaches to help mitigate them. The report is clear available defenses currently lack robust assurances that they fully mitigate the risks, and the authors encouraged the community to continue to come up with better safeguards.
The report classifies attacks by multiple criteria, including the attacker's goals, objectives, capabilities, and knowledge, and considers four major types of attacks: evasion, poisoning, privacy, and abuse:
Evasion attacks occur after an AI system is deployed and attempts to alter an input to change how the system responds to it.
Example(s): Adding markings to stop signs to make an autonomous vehicle misinterpret them as speed limit signs or creating confusing lane markings to make the vehicle veer off the road.
Poisoning attacks occur in the training phase by introducing corrupted data.
Example(s): Slipping numerous instances of inappropriate language into conversation records so a chatbot interprets these instances as common parlance and uses the language in its own customer interactions.
Privacy attacks occur during deployment and are attempts to learn sensitive information about the AI system or the data it was trained on in order to misuse it.
Example(s): An adversary asks a chatbot numerous legitimate questions, uses the answers to reverse engineer the model to find its weak spots or guess at its sources, and adds undesired examples to those online sources to attempt to make the AI system behave inappropriately.
Abuse attacks are the insertion of incorrect information into a source, such as a webpage or online document, that an AI system then absorbs.
Example(s): giving the AI system incorrect pieces of information from a legitimate but compromised source to repurpose the AI system’s intended use.
Notably, most of these attacks are relatively easy to mount and do not require extensive knowledge of AI systems. Some of the resulting harms can be difficult to correct, such as making an AI system unlearn specific undesired examples added as part of a privacy attack.
The authors acknowledge that defenses experts have devised for adversarial attacks, which are incomplete at best, and awareness of these limitations is important for developers and organizations looking to deploy and use AI technology. As one of the authors, NIST computer scientist Apostol Vassilev said, “[d]espite the significant progress AI and machine learning have made, these technologies are vulnerable to attacks that can cause spectacular failures with dire consequences . . . .”
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